Steel making

This page was last verified for Vintage Story version 1.19.3.

Steel making is the process of carbonizing iron under high temperatures, for which a new type of furnace building is required.

Required facilities

To produce steel , a player needs an iron anvil , a forge , and a refractory cementation furnace building, which itself will require a pulverizer .

Required materials

To build a functioning cementation furnace, the player needs:

• 1 iron door
• 2 stone coffin sections
• 2 stone coffin lids
• 6 refractory brick gratings
• 53 refractory brick blocks*
• a number of dirt or stone blocks to build the coal burning area beneath the furnace structure itself.

The minimum raw ingredients for these items are listed below.

• 6 iron plates (12 iron ingots)
• 8 whole granite, andesite, basalt or peridotite blocks
• 456 fireclay, which is about 8 stacks
• 29 mortar
• 228 of each powdered ingredient needed, depending on tier, which is about 4 stacks each

Creating refractory bricks

Refractory blocks are important for the steel making process as no other currently available block can withstand the extreme heat necessary to produce steel . Refractory blocks come in three different tiers, all of which can be used to make the cementation furnace. All refractory brick blocks have a chance to receive damage per use of the cementation furnace smelting process, however, using higher tier blocks will reduce the amount that receive damage per use:

• Tier 1: has a heat resistance of 90% (1 in 10 chance to break).
• Tier 2: 95% (1 in 20 chance to break)
• Tier 3: 99.9% (1 in 1000 chance to break). (Tier 3 may actually have a heat resistance of 99.9% and thus a 1 in 1000 chance to break. This information needs verification.)

To produce refractory blocks, stone and ore types specified below need to be crushed in a pulverizer . These powders can then be used in the crafting grid together with fire clay to make unfired refractory bricks. Different compositions of powders are required for the different tiers.

Material	Stone	Powder	Minimum pounder cap tier
Bauxite			Bronze
Quartz			Bronze
Olivine			Iron
Ilmenite			Steel

Protip: One chunk of poor or medium ilmenite creates one crushed ilmenite. Rich and bountiful create two.

From tier 1 to tier 3, the recipes for raw refractory bricks are as follows:

Ingredients	Crafting Recipe
2x Fire clay 1x Crushed quartz 1x Crushed bauxite

Ingredients	Crafting Recipe
2x Fire clay 1x Crushed quartz 1x Crushed bauxite 1x Crushed olivine

Ingredients	Crafting Recipe
2x Fire clay 1x Crushed quartz 1x Crushed bauxite 1x Crushed olivine 1x Crushed ilmenite

Raw refractory bricks need to be baked in a pit kiln to turn into fired refractory bricks.

Fired refractory bricks can then be used to craft their tier specific brick blocks and brick grating blocks. Here are the recipes for tier 1:

Ingredients	Crafting Recipe
8x Refractory brick (Tier 1) 1x Mortar

Ingredients	Crafting Recipe
6x Refractory brick (Tier 1) 1x Mortar

Building a cementation furnace

The cementation furnace is a multiblock structure that needs to be built in a specific way to ensure it is functioning as intended. When starting the build of a furnace, the player can use Shift + on the stone coffin with coal or an empty hand to trigger a building help overlay. Using Shift + will additionally inform the player about the number of still missing or mis-placed blocks in the structure. To deactivate this overlay, simply use on the stone coffin.

Protip: The direction from where the player accesses the coffin while checking for the overlay will dictate the direction the building overlay is shown. The furnace will always assume that the coffin block the player hits when checking is the one nearest to the future furnace door - regardless if the player accesses from the side of the coffin or from the actual end of it.

Other required blocks

Additionally to the refractory blocks, there are some more specialist blocks necessary to build a functioning steel making furnace:

• an iron door
• a stone coffin (composed of 2 sections of stone coffin)
• a coffin lid (composed of 2 sections of coffin lids).

An iron door can either be found in ruins , or crafted out of 6 iron plates. Stone coffins can be made out of granite , andesite , basalt or peridotite .

Ingredients	Crafting Recipe
6x Iron plate

Ingredients	Crafting Recipe
1x Hammer 3x Rock 1x Chisel

Ingredients	Crafting Recipe
1x Hammer 1x Chisel 1x Rock 1x Powdered borax

The structure

1. First, place the 6 grate blocks on the ground and the 2 coffin sections on them. These are the center blocks of the structure. The coffin sections will always be placed with the open side towards the player. As soon as the full coffin is placed - without coffin lid, for now - the player can use Shift + on the coffin to display the building help.
2. The full size of the furnace takes up a 5x5 space that is 6 blocks tall, however, an additional layer below the grates will be required to place fuel in.
3. Raise the walls up by two blocks, and don't forget to place the iron door at some point in the process.
4. Build up the roof, covering every open block with one above in a stair pattern. The finished furnace should have a 2 block high chimney as shown below. The chimney on top of the structure does not have to be open to the sky at the moment, but if it is blocked there will be no smoke indications shown while the furnace is running.
5. The confusing part about building a cementation furnace is the space below the actual brick structure. For the process to work, the player needs to be able to access the two spots below the coffin placed on the grate blocks, as the steel making requires fuel layers to be placed on those two blocks. Due to the fact that coal will behave similar to snow if piled up to high, it is recommended to put stabilizing blocks to the side of the two open spaces for the coal. It is not required to close this space off airtight, the player can choose to leave a permanent hole or put in a coke oven door. Note that none of the refractory brick blocks can be removed to access this space, instead the opening needs to be created one block below the lowest brick layer.
6. If the structure was build correctly, there will be no further indication of missing or misplaced block when using Shift + on the coffin.

• 
• 
• 
• 

• 

  Coal needs to be piled exactly below the two middle grid blocks.

• 

  The coal piles need to be encased in some form to prevent collapse - this can also be done with chiselling.

Creating blister steel

Blister steel is the first step of creating steel from iron, and functions the same way an iron bloom does. To heat iron up to the required temperatures to make carbonization possible, the player first needs to build a special furnace structure out of refractory blocks and other specialist blocks. Also, prepare a lot of charcoal, or collect a lot of black coal. One batch of steel will use 168 pieces of charcoal.

Smelting process

With a finished refractory furnace build, the next step requires the player to fill the coffin. One stone coffin will hold a total of 16 iron ingots and 40 fuel pieces - either coke or charcoal . With the fuel in your active hand, target the inside the coffin and use Shift + to place one layer of fuel first, then one layer of iron ingots. Repeat until the coffin is full and will not accept any more items. The coffin should allow 5 layers of fuel with 8 pieces per layer, and 4 layers of iron ingots with 4 ingots per layer. Once filled, the coffin tool tip will indicate that a coffin lid needs to be placed on top of the coffin. You can now place the 2 lid blocks. Note that the coffin needs to be filled completely, otherwise the process will not start even if the lid is placed and coal beneath ignited.

After the coffin is closed, the player should leave the burning chamber and close the door. It is not recommended to enter the chamber again in the middle of the smelting process, as the extreme heat inside will cause 5 HP damage per tick if inside while the bricks are still heated. The coffin tool tip will indicate that the process requires fuel to be placed and ignited below the two grates under the coffin. Access the underbelly of the furnace as shown above from the side or the back of the furnace. Place fuel in equal amounts on the two spaces directly below the coffin. Each fuel layer on one block takes 2 fuel items, meaning a full layer on both blocks requires 4 fuel items. Charcoal ,Brown coal , black coal , anthracite and coke work as possible fuel items.

After the carburation process is 100% completed and the temperature has lowered, you can open the iron door and enter. Use a pickaxe to break the lid and the coffin to take the blister steel ingots and some of the remaining fuel (8 out of 40 pieces are consumed). The coffin and lid sections can be used again for another carburation.

Damaged refractory brick blocks have to be broken and replaced. When you break them, they return some of their materials back, similar to a broken bloomery. Check carefully every block (some might be hidden under other blocks). If some damaged blocks remain, you will not be able to start another carburation process. Grate blocks do not get damaged at the moment, which means there is no sense in making them out of higher tier bricks. In addition, not all of the blocks on the cementation furnace building need to be of the same tier, allowing for use of refractory blocks of a different tier when replacing damaged ones.

When testing out the process in creative or survival, keep in mind that the coffin tooltip might take a few seconds to update correctly from one state to the next, specifically once the player ignites fuel below. The coffin will show the progress in percentages, but again it might take a tick until that progress info is shown correctly. A working furnace will have fire particles inside the burning chamber - which also indicates the danger of stepping inside at that time - as well as smoke rising from the chimney.

Protip: The coffin will retain the progressed reached, even if the coal burns out before the process is finished! This allows the player to start the process with a low amount of fuel, and add further fuel as needed, or log off from a server without fear of loosing progress and materials. If using charcoal, exactly 5 full loads of 32 will be enough fuel for a full firing of blister steel ingots.

One firing of 16 iron ingots will reward the player with an equal amount of blister steel ingots.

Making steel

Blister steel in itself is not yet workable steel, instead it behaves similar to iron blooms, and further refining is necessary. To turn blister steel into steel ingots, it needs to be processed on an iron anvil either by hand or with the help of a helve hammer .

Trivia

The design of the refractory furnace is a modified version of the Manuel de la métallurgie du Fer, from 1895 [1]

Video tutorials

Detailed guide on what to get for steelmaking to start	Guide on how to build and use the furnace	German full Guide on how to make steel